chocolate icecream(巧克力冰淇淋)
basketball player(籃球隊員)
當然是在壹個詞語不能充分表達精確意思,需要再有壹個或是更多名詞來限定它的範圍的時候,名詞才可以修飾名詞呀。
作定語的名詞往往是說明其中名詞的材料、用途、時間、地點、內容、類別等。
⒈材料
a diamond necklace
a bamboo pole
paper money
a stone bridge
⒉用途
a meeting room
the telephone poles
the railway staion
trade union
water pipe
welcome speech
eye drops
⒊時間
a day bed
the dinner party
the Apring and Autum Period
evening suit
midday lunch
⒋地點
London hotels
Beijing University
body temperature
the spaceship floor
the kitchen window
⒌內容
a story book
piano lessons
the sports meet
oxygen supply
the air pressure
the grammar rules
⒍類別
children education
enemy soldiers
a bus driver
2、position=Tom's composition
the Carter grin=Carter's grin
二、名詞定語與被修飾語之間的語義關系
作定語的名詞都是後面壹個名詞的修飾語,但是它們之間的關系卻各有不同。
1.名詞定語表示邏輯上的主語,被修飾的詞表示賓語。例:
a department decision(a decision which is made by the department)
the volcano eruption(the eruption that is made by the volcano)
有時正好相反,名詞定語相當於賓語,而被修飾的部分表示主語:
a drug addict(a person who is addicted to drug)
an animal trainer(a man who trains the animal)
2.名詞定語作狀語。被修飾語相當於謂語。在這壹類結構中,表示謂語的名詞常由動名詞或動作名詞(action noun)來充當。
impulse buying=buying on impulse
instrument flying=flying by means of instrument
3.名詞定語表示同位關系。
這種用法可以說明某人的職業、職位。如:
Writer Smith Shephed Matthew Farmer Goodwin
Judge Darling Singer Carpenter Cardinal Nelson
還可以表示特征、身份:
a supplier country= a counrty which is a supplier
a killer shark= a shark who is a killer
her lawyer brother=her brother who is a lawyer
traitor and robber Dickinson=Dickinson, a traitor and a robber
三、與同詞根的形容詞作定語時的區別
雖然名詞可以代替形容詞作定語,但並不是所有名詞都可以和與它同詞根的形容詞或分詞互相替換。有時二者在意義和功能方面有很大的差別。壹般說來,形容詞表現的是東西的性能、形狀、顏色等等。而名詞表現的則是某樣東西的質地、來源、目的等。
試比較:
gold mine golden sunset
water supply atery eyes
child star childish voice
admission ticket admissible evidence
obesity specialist obese woman
communication system communicative person
geography department geographical names
fire alarm fireless room
man doctor manly appearance
philosophy teacher philosophical attitute
unemployment situation unemployed talents
beauty contest beautiful weather
從以上例子可以看出形容詞著重描寫事物的外在表現,而名詞則著重表現事物本身的內在含義。
在習慣用法中,有時形容詞並不表示性質、狀態,而是表示目的和用途。這種用法相當於形容詞+名詞所表達的意義。從字面上看這樣的修飾邏輯上說不通,但已經形成了它們特有的固定用法。例:
科技英語:
scientific English=English used in scientific readings
但不說 scientific readings English
刑法律師:criminal lawyer=lawyer dealing with criminal cases
不說 criminal cases lawyer
類似的例子還有:
Foreign Office=Foreign Affairs Office
sick room=sick people room
comparative literature=comparative study literature
四、兩個以上的名詞作定語
常有這樣的情況,幾個名詞放在壹起修飾後面那個主導名詞。有時幾個名詞形成壹個整體修飾最後壹個名詞。這樣,表達變得非常簡潔。例如:
world record holder世界紀錄保持者
fire escape ladder太平梯
Christmas morning exchange of presents聖誕早上的禮物交換
mountain village school teacher山村學校教師
house property tax office building房產稅務局的大樓
科技英語力求精煉、明了,使用幾個名詞作定語代替各種後置定語的情況更為突出。例:
rungsten filament lamp 鎢絲燈
television transmission satellite 電視轉播衛星
air surface vessel radar 飛機對水面艦艇雷達
motor car repair and assembly plant 汽車修配廠
high voltage switch gear factory 高壓開關廠
3、/detail/632773347660000000/281589.html(淺析名詞作定語
請看壹道習題:
Three famous actors,with whom were two____actresses came to our____shop.
A.child;shoe B.child's;shoes
C.chil……
作定語用的名詞壹般沒有與之相應的同根形容詞。它既可以是有生命的,也可以是無生命的;既可以是可數的,也可以是不可數的。它能表明被修飾的名詞的A.地點、B.時間、C.目的或用途、D.種類、E.原料或來源等等。例如:A.city streets城市街道,a corner shop街道拐角的商店,a kitchen table廚房桌子,a roof garden屋頂公園;B.summer holidays暑假,Sunday papers星期日報紙,November fogs十壹月的霧季;C.a tennis court網球場,a tennis club網球俱樂部,a peace conference和平會議,milk bottles牛奶瓶;D.a love story愛情故事,a murder story兇殺案故事,traffic lights交通管理用的紅綠燈,a train driver火車司機;E.stone walls石墻,straw hats草帽,rubber boots膠鞋,pineapple juice菠蘿汁,plant fat植物脂肪。
名詞作定語時,壹般用單數形式,但在個別情況下也有用復數的。例如:
goods train貨車,sports meeting運動會,machines hall展覽機器的大廳。
註意:被修飾的名詞變復數時,壹般情況下,作定語用的名詞不需要變為復數形式,但由man或woman作定語修飾的名詞變成復數時,兩部分皆要變為復數形式。例如:
man doctor—men doctors 男醫生
woman singer—women singers 女歌手
有的作定語用的名詞有與之相應的同根形容詞。壹般情況下,名詞作定語側重說明被修飾的名詞的內容或性質;同根形容詞作定語則常常描寫被修飾的名詞的特征。例如:"bold watch"指手表含有金的性質;而"golden watch"則表示手表是金色的特征,不壹定含有金。再舉兩例:
stone house 石頭造的房子
stony heart 鐵石般的心腸
peace conference 和平會議
peaceful construction 和平建設
名詞作定語與名詞所有格作定語有時是有區別的。壹般來說,名詞作定語通常說明被修飾的詞的性質,而名詞所有格作定語則強調對被修飾的詞的所有(權)關系或表示邏輯上的謂語關系。例如:在“the Party members(黨員)”中,名詞定語表示members的性質;在“the Party's calls(黨的號召)”中,Party具有動作發出者的作用,calls雖然是名詞,卻具有動作的含義。再舉壹例:
a student teacher 實習教師
a student's teacher 壹位學生的老師
〔練習〕
1.In Britain,____are all painted red.
A.letter boxes B.letters boxes
C.letter box D.letters box
2.She is the only one among the ____ writers who ____ stories for children.
A.woman;writes B.women;write
C.women;writes D.woman;write
3.—What does Mr Brown do for a living?
—He's one of the most successful ____ in the city.
A.newspaper reporter
B.newspaper's reporters
C.newspaper's reporter
D.newspaper reporters
4.He dropped the ____ and broke it.
A.cup of coffee B.coffee's cup
C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup
5.It's said that two ____ would come to the village.
A.woman-doctors B.women doctor
C.women doctors D.woman doctors
6.—Is it getting dark early tonight?
—I think so.I see ____ is on already.
A.the street light B.the light of the street
C.the street's light D.the light street
7.Each of us supposed to go all out for the team on the ____.
A.sport field B.sports field
C.sport's field D.the field of sports
8.There are only two ____ assistants in that ____ shop.
A.woman;shoe B.women;shoe
C.woman;shoes D.women;shoes
9.Recently,ten ____ have disappeared at least in that country.
A.woman reporter B.woman's reporters
C.women reporter D.women reporters
Keys;1~5 ACDDC;6~9 ABBD