新理財(以下簡稱“新”):從TCL2002年收購德國施耐德電器、聯想收購IBM全球PC業務、海爾美國公司和康佳美康公司在美國的設立,到不少企業在香港、紐約等地成功上市,中國部分企業已經在實施“走出去”戰略,您認為中國企業國際化戰略的目標是什麽?
謝榮(以下簡稱“謝”)國際化戰略主要指商品市場和各類生產要素資源配置的國際化。實施國際化戰略的壹個主要原因是各國各類資源優勢的不同和企業管理能力的不同,通過各類資源要素和管理能力要素跨國界的配置,使企業的能力得到最充分的發揮,使國際社會獲得更多的財富。在過去20 多年改革實踐中,我國企業的國際化戰略主要體現在引進國外資本、技術和管理經驗促進生產能力的提高和促進市場體系的發展等方面。隨著我國企業生產能力、管理能力的快速發展和增強,企業實施“走出去”的國際化戰略已成為提高企業可持續發展能力的壹個重要手段和途徑。
企業實施“走出去”戰略的基本目標是:
(1)通過擴大產品市場,提高企業的生存和發展空間。
利用地方資源優勢、低成本優勢和特定的技術優勢,通過有規模的產品出口來擴大企業的生存和發展空間,常常是企業“走出去”戰略最直接的目標。而實施這種戰略的企業要求必須保持產品的生產優勢。
(2)利用資源的國際配置,提高企業的資本投資回報或生產投資回報。
通過積極走向國際市場和國際範圍內的資源配置來提高資本投資回報或生產投資回報,實現企業的長期可持續發展,通常是企業“走出去”戰略的根本目標。而實施這壹戰略的企業常常需要較高的管理能力、規範的企業運作和較熟悉國際市場。
新:想到部分行業近期在國內大打價格戰,以及與國外相比國內商業信用的相對缺失,您認為企業走國際化道路是否與此有關?
謝:企業真正的競爭優勢來源於兩個方面:戰略定位和運營的有效性。部分行業,比較有代表性的是家電行業,由於大部分企業都沒有獨特的戰略定位,僅僅想靠運作的效率來戰勝對手,最後會導致兩敗俱傷。在這種情況下,如果希望依賴國際化來降低價格競爭的程度,實質上很難達到所期望的效果。因此,我認為價格戰是促進國際化的壹個因素,但國際化戰略必須與企業本身的戰略定位結合起來。國內商業信用與成熟市場相比相對缺失,這也是壹個不爭的事實。實質上,商業信用的缺失與公司缺乏遠景、價值觀,以及由此產生的戰略定位也有直接的關系。壹個具有遠景戰略的公司壹定會重視價值觀和商業道德。在可能的情況下,也會利用國際市場的機會,促進戰略目標的實現。所以我國商業信用的相對缺失本身不會成為推動國際化發展的主要原因,相反,國際化戰略的發展則會促進我國商業信用的改進。
新:“走出去”成為國際化公司,對不少中國企業而言,是壹個踏遍荊棘依然好夢難圓的痛苦歷程。作為財會專家,您認為在企業國際化戰略中財務應發揮什麽樣的作用?
謝:隨著信息技術的發展,財務人員已經從傳統的繁重的核算任務中解脫出來了。根據現代企業的發展,財務人員應該更多地在發展戰略的制定和執行上為企業做出貢獻。現代戰略理論與實務的發展也告訴我們,企業戰略的制定和實施需要整個公司員工的參與,特別是高層財務主管的積極參與。就國際化戰略而言,由於其獨特的復雜性和重要性,財務人員首先應積極參與對國際市場宏觀環境包括國際政治、經濟、社會和技術發展環境等的分析和行業環境分析,以確保戰略決策的制定建立在科學基礎之上,並有效地控制戰略風險對企業財務的影響。其次,財務人員應積極參與國際化戰略的實施,特別是相關業務的發展與國際化融資、投資和財務管理之間的聯系。如果收購作為達成戰略目標的壹種手段,則需要財務人員參與收購目標的選擇,對被收購對象的盡職調查,在盡職調查基礎上的估值,與被收購對象的談判,以及籌措財務資源完成收購交易等。
在整個國際化戰略進程中,財務人員需要發揮作用的另壹個重要方面就是監督。現代企業管理的發展已經表明監督並不僅僅是對財務資源的監督,它需要財務人員結合企業戰略目標,識別出實現企業目標的關鍵成功要素(Critical Success Factors,CSFs),從而設計關鍵業績指標(Key Performance Indicators,KPIs),並對關鍵業績指標實施監控,以確保企業戰略目標的實現。
新:進入國際市場有多種方式可供選擇:可利用中間商,也可以直接向國外出口;可以打出自己的品牌,也可先做OEM;可通過出口方式占領目標市場,也可采取跨國投資的方式在當地生產。間接出口、直接出口、跨國直接投資,這幾種國外市場進入方式各有利弊。您認為企業應當如何選取適合自己的進入方式?對財務管理有何影響?
謝:企業選擇進入國際市場的方式受許多因素的影響。正如我剛才強調的,企業國際化必須與其本身的遠景戰略相聯系,同時還要與其競爭戰略相聯系。就業務層面的競爭戰略來說,企業需要就具體業務考慮是成本領先、差異化,還是采用集中戰略;就公司層面的戰略來說,企業需要考慮是采用國際本土化、全球化,還是全球化與本土化的結合。
在以上考慮的基礎上,企業需要選擇具體的進入國際市場的方式。最初,產品出口是較好的選擇,因為不需要在國外進行制造專業能力的投入,只需要在分銷上投資。出口、許可協議和戰略聯盟是較好的早期市場的發展方法。
如果要在國際市場上取得更為有利的地位,就需要收購和建立全新的子公司,這壹般出現在國際化戰略的後期階段。在有些情況下,各種不同的方式可能被依次使用,從出口到全新子公司;在另壹些情況下,在不同的市場使用不同的幾種(但不是全部)進入方式。最終選擇的方式將是行業競爭條件、國家環境、政府法規和本公司獨特的資源、能力和核心競爭力等因素結合的結果。
至於進入方式對財務管理的影響,適合早期階段的進入方式,本質上並沒有對企業運營產生實質上的影響,增加的主要是銷售信用和外匯風險管理。適合後期階段的進入方式對財務的影響是全面的,要求企業以集團財務管理的方法和技術來應對各種風險。
新:不少中國企業已經成功在海外上市,有的實現了國際兼並和收購,這些企業將被“逼”著按照國際通行規則運營和發展,您能否結合公司治理談談這方面的情況?
謝:公司治理的基本特點主要有:(1)強調公司股東,特別是機構投資者和中小投資者,應積極參與公司重大決策,對公司施加影響;(2)強調董事會作為股東的代表應負責公司發展戰略的制定,並監督管理層對戰略的落實;(3)強調董事會的獨立性,董事會應包含較多的獨立董事;(4)強調董事會(特別是董事會下屬的審計委員會)對虛假財務報告的監督。
隨著中國部分企業成功地在海外上市,有的實現了國際兼並和收購,這些企業將按照國際通行規則運營和發展。這就要求這些企業必須重視投資者關系的管理;建立負責、高效的董事會;使董事會在企業發展戰略方面發揮更強的作用;向董事會提供全面、必要的信息,以利於董事會的有效監督;成立全部由獨立董事組成的審計委員會監督虛假財務報告。
中國國際化的企業在形式上達到以上這些要求並不難,但關鍵是在實質上滿足這些要求。最近就發生過我國有些企業聘任的海外獨立董事辭職的事件。這壹事件表明:國際投資者要求我國國際化的企業在實質上達到公司治理的“國際化”。在這方面,我們的企業還有很長的路要走。
新:國際化會帶來壹系列會計和財務管理方面的問題,各國的文化、記賬幣種、會計準則、財務制度等也都不同,這些都對企業財務提出了新的和更高的要求,您認為財務應如何應對這些變化?
謝:國際化確實帶來了壹系列會計和財務管理方面的問題。最主要的是不同貨幣匯率差異和波動帶來的財務風險。同時,由於會計準則和財務制度的不同,也會帶來財務報告編制的難度和風險。
對於匯率風險,要求財務人員加強匯率風險防範知識包括衍生金融工具知識的學習,準確把握匯率風險管理的目標,提高風險的識別、分析和控制能力,並對整個匯率風險管理的有效性提供及時的信息溝通和監督。
對於會計準則和財務制度的不同,要求財務人員必須理解所在地的會計準則和財務制度。目前各個國家和地區的會計準則有向國際會計準則趨同的趨勢,而且很多國家和地區的監管機構和資本市場也認可按照國際會計準則編報的財務報告。因此,國際化不但要求財務人員熟悉所在地的會計準則和財務制度,而且還要掌握國際會計準則,能夠按照國際會計準則編報財務報告。
新:幾年前,中國人著手國際並購幾乎聞所未聞。過去壹年間,這壹切開始改變 “獵物”成了“獵手”。從2004年12月開始,聯想、海爾、中海油和中石油的壹系列交易和競標,標誌著中國加入了全球並購浪潮。但中國企業的海外並購戰略面臨壹些重大的風險,這些企業又缺少海外運營經驗,這些都是需要考慮的問題。請您就此談談您的看法。
謝:中國企業近幾年積極加入全球並購浪潮是與中國這幾年經濟的持續發展分不開的,但在海外並購戰略方面,中國企業面臨著壹些重大的風險,主要包括政治風險、經濟風險和管理風險。
政治風險指壹個國家政局是否穩定、法制是否健全、國家發展的基本政策是否正確。由於國際化戰略涉及的投資金額大、影響周期長,為確保投資的安全和有效,必須首先考慮政治風險。
經濟風險主要是指匯率、利率、稅率和資源等方面的風險,匯率、利率等的波動會對投資收益產生重大影響,因而必須隨時跟蹤其變化趨勢、評估其影響程度和制定應對措施。
管理風險是指國際化戰略制定和實施過程中的風險。根據美國科爾尼公司的統計,大約只有20%的並購案實現了預期目標,其余80% 的並購多以失敗而告終(2006.1.1 經濟觀察報)。管理上的風險要求企業加強戰略和流程的管理,塑造核心競爭力,並且能夠將核心競爭力轉移到其他市場。
新:由於世界各地文化、稅務和貿易制度差異較大,實施國際化戰略的企業很難對其海外子公司的業績進行評估,很顯然企業需要考慮轉移價格的因素和子公司在各地的不同情況,您能談談這方面的情況嗎?
謝:各地制度和文化的差異常常導致海外子公司的發展處於不同的環境之中,而企業對不同地點子公司發展策略的整體考慮和安排又會導致各地子公司的發展不平衡和業績不壹致,因而對海外子公司的評估不能用簡單統壹的指標予以衡量。有效的評估方法是將子公司的考核評估與企業對其的整體戰略安排結合起來,當設立某壹子公司的目的主要是為進入某壹市場時,就應以市場份額的大小作為評估主要的指標;當收購兼並某地區壹家公司的目的主要是為獲取其有效技術和產品設計開發能力時,就不能簡單地以利潤作為評估指標。由於大型跨國企業集團的戰略是全球壹體化的,因而對各地子公司的考核評估必須要與公司的整體戰略相協調。
新:在全球化進程中,市場競爭的焦點是人才的競爭。中國企業的國際化戰略需要相應的高素質人才來支持,您認為中國企業實施“走出去”戰略需要什麽樣的財務管理人員?財務人員應從哪些方面提高素質以適應國際化戰略的需要?
謝:綜上分析,中國企業實施 “走出去”戰略需要的是戰略型、經營型的財務人員,他們必須理解企業的整體戰略,並且積極為制定正確的戰略目標貢獻力量;他們能對公司戰略的有效實施提供積極的支持,為公司經營目標的實現創造有利的條件;他們能對公司目標的實現情況進行有效的評估,以客觀考核各地子公司的經營業績和對公司戰略目標提出調整建議。同時,他們還要明了國際化戰略與公司遠景戰略之間的聯系,能夠進行有效的行業分析、對目標收購公司進行估值,需要熟悉現代風險管理技術,需要理解和運用國際會計準則以及所在地的會計準則等等。
為了滿足這些要求,財務人員應該從以下幾個方面提高素質以滿足國際化的戰略的需要:(1)要過語言關。國際化戰略需要掌握多種綜合技能的財務人員。如果沒有良好的外語水平,將難以了解國際前沿的理論與實務,國際化也就無從談起了。(2)掌握戰略管理的理論與實務。現代財務人員單純理解財務會計已經遠遠不夠了,需要盡快吸收近幾年的蓬勃發展的戰略管理理念和管理實務。(3)掌握全面的風險管理理論與實務。企業傳統的著重於流程的內部控制正在被全面風險管理理念與實務所取代,財務人員只有在理解了全面風險管理的理念與實務的基礎上,才能夠結合本企業的實際,設計和實施關鍵成功要素與關鍵業績指標,並識別、分析和應對本企業所面臨的關鍵風險。(4)掌握現代財務分析方法,特別是對企業價值的評估方法。(5)掌握國內、國際和經營所在國的會計準則,能夠編制符合相關法律法規要求的財務報告。
總之,國際化戰略對財務人員提出了更高層次的挑戰,財務人員必須從各方面更新自己的知識結構和技能才能夠勝任新的角色 (《新理財》 )
International Enterprise strategy for financial management challenges and innovation on December 1, 2006 Friday afternoon 03 : 51 -- interview with the Shanghai National Accounting Institute in Ljubljana, vice president of the new fiscal (hereinafter referred to as "new") : TCL2002 years from the acquisition of German Schneider Electric, Lenovo's purchase of IBM's global PC business. American companies Haier and Konka Kang U.S. companies established in the United States, many enterprises in Hong Kong, New York and other successful listing Some Chinese enterprises have been in the implementation of the "going out" strategy. Do you think the internationalization of Chinese enterprises strategic What is the objective? Ljubljana (hereinafter referred to as "Xie") international strategy mainly refers to commodity markets and various factors of production allocation of resources on an international scale. Implementation of the international strategy is a major cause of all the resources of all kinds of different strengths and capabilities of enterprise management, through various essential resources and management capacity factor of the cross-border distribution, the ability to enable enterprises to the fullest play, enable the international community to get more of the wealth. In the past 20 years of reform and practice, China's international strategy is mainly reflected in the introduction of foreign capital, technology and management experience for the improvement of productivity and promote the development of the market system, and so on. As China's production capacity and management capability of rapid development and strengthening, enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy of internationalization has become enhance capacity for sustainable development as an important means and ways. Enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy is the basic objectives : (1) by expanding the product market, enhancing the survival and development space. Use of local resources, and low-cost advantages and specific technical advantages, adoption of a large scale domestic enterprises to expand exports to the existence and development space, often enterprises "going out" strategy the most direct target. And the implementation of this strategy requires enterprises to maintain the production advantages. (2) Use of the international allocation of resources, and improving the return on capital investment or production of investment returns. Through active international market and within the scope of the international allocation of resources to improve return on capital investment or production of investment returns, realize the long-term sustainable development, usually enterprises "going out" strategy in the fundamental objectives. And the implementation of this strategy in enterprises often requires a higher level of management capacity, and standardized the operation of enterprises and more familiar with the international market. New : think of some industries in the recent domestic feverish price war, in comparison with foreign countries and domestic commercial credit the relative missing, Do you think enterprises take the path of internationalization to do with this? Xie : enterprise real competitive advantage comes from two aspects : strategic positioning and operating effectiveness. Some industries, which are more representative of the home electrical appliance industries, as most enterprises are not unique strategic positioning, just rely on the efficiency to beat his opponent, and will eventually lead to both parties. In such circumstances, if the wish to rely on the international price competition to reduce the extent of, in essence, it is very difficult to achieve the desired results. Therefore, I think the price war is the promotion of an international factors, But the international strategy with the corporate strategy of positioning itself together. Domestic commercial credit Compared with the mature markets is relatively scarce, this is an indisputable fact. In essence, the lack of commercial credit and lack of vision, values, and the resulting strategic positioning has a direct relationship. With a strategic vision of the company would be about values and ethics. In the situation, the international market will also use the opportunity to promote the strategic goal. So our commercial credit the relative lack itself is not going to become international in 2001, on the contrary, International strategy will be to promote the development of our commercial credit improvements. New : "going out" to become an international company, and many Chinese enterprises, is a plodding thorns still dreams will not come true history of suffering. As accounting experts, what do you think are the business strategies of the international financial should play what role? Xie : With the development of information technology, financial officers from the traditional heavy task for the accounting of extricating themselves. According to the modern enterprise development, financial officers should be more strategic in the development of the formulation and implementation of enterprise contribution. Modern strategic theory and practice of development also tells us that enterprise strategy formulation and implementation of the entire company staff, particularly in senior financial managers for their active participation. On the international strategy, because of its unique complexity, and importance of, First, financial officers should be actively involved in the international market macroeconomic environment, including international political, economic, social and technological development of environmental analysis and environmental industries, to ensure that the strategic decision to establish the scientific basis and the effective risk control strategies for enterprise financial impact. Secondly, financial officers should be actively involved in the internationalization of the implementation of the strategy, especially related to business development and international financing, investment and financial management of the linkages between them. If the acquisition as a strategic goal of reaching a means, the need for staff to participate in the sale of the financial goals of the choice, to be the targets of acquisition, due diligence, due diligence on the basis of valuation, and were the targets of acquisition talks and raising the financial resources to complete the acquisition transactions. Throughout the strategy of internationalization process, and financial officers need to play a role in another important aspect is supervision. Modern enterprise management has shown the development and supervision of financial resources is not only the right supervision, It needs financial officers in conjunction with enterprise strategic goals, identify target enterprises the key success factors (Critical Success Factors. CSFs), thus the design of key performance indicators (Key Performance Indicators. KPIs), and the implementation of key performance indicators for monitoring to ensure that the corporate strategy objectives. New : to enter the international market in a number of ways are available : the use of brokers may, or may directly to the foreign exports; can establish their own brand, but also to do the OEM; can be occupied by the export target markets, could also take the form of transnational investment in local production. Indirect export, direct exports, foreign direct investment, access to foreign markets Several methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Do you think the business should be selected for their entry? On the impact of financial management? Xie : Enterprise chose to enter the international market by many factors. As I emphasized earlier, the internationalization of enterprises have their own vision of strategic links while its competitive strategy linked. On the operational level of competition strategy, enterprises need to consider the specific operational cost is a leading difference, or a focused strategy; on the corporate level strategy, enterprises need to consider is using international localization, globalization, globalization and localization of the combination. In the basis of the above considerations, the choice of the specific needs of enterprises to enter the international market of the way. Initially, the products for export is a better choice, because you do not need to engage in foreign investment in professional capacity, only need to invest in distribution. Export, licensing agreements and strategic alliances is a good early market approach to development. If it is to be achieved on the international market is more favorable position on the need to purchase and the establishment of new subsidiaries, This usually appear in the international strategy in the late stages. In some cases, different means may be used were from the export of new subsidiaries; In some other cases, in different markets using several different (but not all) ways to enter. The final choice is the way of competitive conditions, the National Environment, the government regulations, and the company's unique resources, capability and core competitiveness of the combined factors of the results. As for the right way to enter the financial management, suitable for early stages of the entry way, Basically, there is no operation of enterprises have an actual effect, the increase in sales is mainly credit and foreign exchange risk management. For the late stages of the right way to enter the financial impact is comprehensive, Group requests to the financial management methods and techniques to deal with all kinds of risks. New : many Chi